The undefined nature of Matrigel makes it difficult to identify the signals necessary for organoid structure and function this difficulty is compounded by lot-to-lot variations of Matrigel 45, 46, 47, 48. The many organoid-specific applications of Matrigel-based culture methods have been thoroughly discussed elsewhere 41, 42, 43.ĭespite its versatility and affordability, Matrigel is extremely complex proteomic analysis shows that it contains more than 1800 unique proteins 44.
Related methods have been used to construct simulated versions of the inner ear 34 and pancreas 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and the similarities between pancreatic and liver-organoid-generating cells suggest that methods used for making liver organoids may be applicable to the pancreas 40. This culture system has been widely adapted for other organs such as the colon, stomach, and liver 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. In an early report of organoid culture, Sato and colleagues grew murine intestinal Lgr5 + stem cells in high concentrations of Matrigel supplemented with the growth factors WNT, Noggin, R-spondin, and EGF 28. Many organoids have been cultured in Matrigel, a material derived from the secretion of Engelbreth–Holm–Swarm mouse sarcoma cells and enriched for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins 27. Many excellent reviews have been published about different organoid types, such as heart 13, 14, brain 15, 16, 17, liver 18, 19, kidney 20, 21, 22, pancreas 23, 24, 25, and female reproductive tract 26. The wide range of clinical applications of organoids is the subject of a recent review by Drost and Clevers 12. It is possible to culture organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) 10 or adult stem cells from patient tissues 11, which may lead to personalized medicine.
For these reasons, organoids are used to study organ development 2 and model various diseases such as cancers 3, neural disorders 4, and autism 5 they are also used as pharmaceutical testing platforms 6, model systems for CRISPR-CAS9-mediated treatment of genetic diseases 7, and replacement organs for transplantation 8, 9.
Porcine gelatin sponge free#
Organoids recapitulate important organ functions in vitro while remaining small in size and often free of interfering cell types such as vascular, nerve, or other undesired epithelial cells. Organoids are multicellular structures derived from stem and progenitor cells that mimic the function and spatial organization of organs 1.
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